One of the first 3D printing compatible flexible materials has been a commercially available compound (TangoPlus FullCure). Mimicking the distensible mechanical properties of the cardiovascular structures with 3D printed models is still challenging because of the inherent differences between the mechanical behavior of polymeric materials and that of human tissues. To plan procedures such as an insertion of a device or practicing surgical cuts and stitches, it is more appropriate to manufacture flexible models that can implement the realistic compliance of blood vessels. To communicate with patients, their parents, and for training of the junior clinical staff, colored models can facilitate the understanding of complex cardiovascular structures. ![]() To visually assess the anatomy, relatively inexpensive rigid models can be made of polymers like acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA), polyamides (e.g. The criteria of choice of the printing technology have to take into account time and costs of fabrication and, crucially, the intended use of the models. In the cardiovascular field, the most commonly used technologies are fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, sterolitography, and material jetting. In other chapters of this book, the authors have broadly explained the technologies available on the market for medical applications. The STL format can be transformed into a physical object by means of additive manufacturing. The Voronoi tessellation-based geometries have been extensively exploited in simulations thanks to the wide availability of Voronoi tessellation tools in 2D (in classical softwares such as MatLab) and in 3D thanks to the available open implementations such as VORO ( Rycroft, 2009 Rycroft, Grest, Landry,
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